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FIFTH NATIONAL 
CONSERVATION CONGRESS 



Report of the 



Forestry Committee 



Program of the Forestry Section 



Synopsis of Sub-Committee Reports 



III The Forestry section program includes the presentation 



of ten sub-committee reports and their discussion. 



I WASHINGTON, D. C. 

P 

I NOVEMBER 17, 18, 19, and 20, 1913 

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11 Forestry Committee Organization i 

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IMPORTANT NOTICE— Three meetings of the Forestry 
Section will be held on November 17 — the day before the 

general Congress opens. The first session is called for 10 a.m., || 

in the Cabinet room at the New Willard Hotel. The date |j 

and hour are important. All of the section meetings will || 

be called promptly at the hour named in the program. j| 



H: 
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PROGRAM OF THE FORESTRY SECTION 



Morning — 
Session 1 



Afternoon — 
Session 2 



Evening — 
Session 3 



NOVEMBER 17 

10 Call to order, etc. 

10:15 Report of Sub-committee on Publicity. 

10 :45 Discussion. 

11 :30 Report of Sub-committee on Forest Planting. 

12 Discussion. 

2 Report of Sub-committee on State Forest Policy. 

2:30 Discussion. 

3:15 Report of Sub-committee on Forest Taxation. 

3 :45 Discussion. 

4:30 Appointment of committees, etc. 

8 Report of Sub-committee on Forest Investigations. 
(Talk by Raphael Zon, chairman, illustrated by lantern slides.) 

8:30 Discussion. o i i t-j *• « 

8:50 Report of Sub-committee on Forest School Education. 

9 :20 Discussion. 

9 :45 Talks and Discussions on Forest Insects. 

NOVEMBER 18 

9 Report of Sub-committee on Lumbering. 

9:30 Discussion. 
10 :00 Report of Sub-committee on Forest Utilization. 

10:30 Discussion. . r^ ,0 

11:00 Adjourn to attend opening session General Congress. 

2:00 Report of Sub-committee on Forest Fires. 

2 '30 Discussion. 

3:00 Report of Sub-committee on Federal Forest Policy. 

3 :30 Discussion. 

8 -00 Presentation of Resolutions, etc. . 

8:30 Discussion of Plans for Permanent Organization. 
9:30 Adjourn to attend reception given by Mrs. Pinchot. 

NOVEMBER 19 

10:00 Water Power Session, General Congress. 
2:00 Forestry Session, General Congress. 
7:30 Forestry Banquet at Rauscher's. 

NOVEMBER 20 

10:00 Forestry Session, General Congress. 

The Forestry Section meetings will be held in Cabinet Room of the New 
Willard Hotel. 



Morning — 
Session 4 



Afternoon — 
Session 5 



Evening — 
Session 6 



Morning — 
Afternoon — 
Evening — 



Morning — 



pTT Transfer 
O.^iogical Survey 
§ep 1 4 1932 




THE FORESTRY COMMITTEE 

OF THE 

Fifth National Conservation Congress 

PRESENTS ITS report ON THE 

FORESTRY COMMITTEE ORGANIZATION 

HEN the present Forestry Committee was appointed, following 
the meeting of the Fourth National Conservation Congress at 
Indianapolis in 1912, several of the public spirited men who had 
followed the developments took up the question of the most 
effective organization to represent the mutual forestry and lum- 
bering interests involved. The desirability of such an organiza- 
tion was emphasized by the presence at Indianapolis of a num- 
ber of men who were no longer in need of the general educational propaganda 
relative to the conservation of natural resources, but attended the Congress for 
the purpose of meeting progressive men in their own and related lines and 
securing specific information helpful in the solution of their own problems. 

The need for a working organization and a rallying point, where mutual and 
more or less technical problems may be discussed, is felt particularly by the 
forestry and timber interests. The Conservation Congress was originally founded 
on forest conservation, and while the importance of other conservation subjects 
is realized the time seems to have come for specific forestry work at popular 
national meetings, in addition to the general publicity and education. It is merely 
a frank admission of the facts to say that the attendance and support of the 
forest conservation interests would have been lost to the Congress if it had not 
returned to the original theme; and not only this but the active workers in for- 
estry desired an opportunity to exchange views on technical problems, so as to 
take home tangible information in return for their time and expense in attending. 
The Forestry Committee of the present Congress was organized with the 
view of meeting, to some extent at least, the conditions which existed. The Con- 
servation Congress offered the first essential in the way of a recognized national 
organization, with which active forestry committee work could be associated. 
The second need was financial, and this was promptly met by the American 
Forestry Association, which provided the necessary funds. There then remained 
only the necessity of perfecting the proper organization of the forestry committee 
itself. 

Various precedents have been established by older organizations for carrying 
on the character of work deemed most effective in this case. The plan which has 
given good results and is in general use is that of standing committees or sections 
assigned to various subjects. The American Railway Engineering Association 
and the International Congress of Applied Chemistry are good examples of this 



form of organization. The National Educational Association has carried the 
idea still farther, to the point of having various independent sections, each with 
its own president and program. A central organization in each case holds the 
sections or standing committees together for the common cause. The needs of 
the Forestry Committee for this year seemed best met by the appointment of sub- 
committees to investigate and report on the more important forest conservation 
subjects. 

As soon as this plan was decided upon ten sub-committees, with four to 
eight members each, were appointed. The subjects covered the more important 
technical problems of forestry and lumbering, and broad national questions involv- 
ing legislation and regional public interests. The chairmen and sub-committee 
members were selected on the basis of their experience and ability to contribute 
new knowledge on the subjects assigned, or to compile the old in workable form. 
The list of committeemen is in itself sufficient evidence of the seriousness and 
high character of the investigations undertaken. Several topics were suggested 
under each sub-committee subject, and the more important selected for this year's 
report. Practically all details of text and arrangements were left to the sub- 
committeemen. It is striking evidence of the importance and public interest in 
forest conservation that fifty busy men should freely give their time and thought 
to work of this kind. 

The printed reports, therefore, as presented to the Congress are not the 
views of rhetoric of any individual, but the mature conclusions of a body of 
experts, who represent all regions and all phases of forest activity. The neces- 
sary publicity to the sub-committee's findings will be given by printing and dis- 
tributing the reports, by wide circulation through the American Forestry ]\Iaga- 
ziNE and lumber journals, and by distribution among trade, technical and public 
service organizations. 

By presenting these reports at forestry section meetings and giving ample 
opportunity for discussion, further information will be gained and that available 
will be disseminated. Those who attend will receive the benefit of the informa- 
tion given, and, in turn, by taking part in the discussions, will contribute to the 
fund of available knowledge, and add facts for use in the present or future 
revision of the reports. Most of the subjects will continually develop new phases, 
and what is up to date or advanced thought or information to-day may be obsolete 
to-morrow. At the same time, there are fundamental principles which remain 
unchanged, and basic methods which when once applied need revision only in 
detail. No one has any thought of being able to settle at once and for good and 
for all the many complex conservation problems. Recognizing, however, the 
evolutionary nature of the development, it is apparent that the broader and better 
the knowledge and the closer the harmony among the various interests, the 
sooner will come security to the nation's timber resources and provisions for 
maintaining the needed supply. 

It is not fitting for the Forestry Committee to pass judgment on its own 
work nor to outline plans for the future. It is a temporary body which will go 
out of office automatically at the close of the coming Congress; while as to 



results, the accomplishments of the year will speak for themselves in the sub- 
committee reports and in the forestry speeches before the general Congress. It 
may not be out of place, however, to say that the form of organization adopted 
is in general effective, and that the results are even better than was anticipated. 
It is unfortunate that the present officers of the Conservation Congress, who have 
so consistently supported the work, and the Forestry Committee have a tenure of 
service so short that they can little more than inaugurate work of the kind which 
has been attempted. 

From the standpoint of developing and establishing basic policies, and in 
perfecting and applying technical methods in the various fields of forest activity, 
an organization along the line of the present Forestry Committee is certainly 
needed and promises to be effective. At the same time, such work cannot be 
undertaken without a central national organization to lean on and funds to 
prosecute the work. Granting that a strong national organization is needed to 
carry on popular educational and publicity work, it would seem that the more 
specific and technical field could best be covered by a properly organized forestry 
committee, supported by and affiliated with the non-technical central organization. 

Whatever the supporting organization and clearing house, it is certain that 
there exists a well-defined desire for an annual national forum of forestry and 
lumber interests, such as provided this year in connection with the National Con- 
servation Congress, where views can be exchanged and problems of mutual 
interest worked out to practical conclusions. It would not necessarily be a large 
gathering, but essentially one of ways and means to accomplish many desirable 
things. The best basis for such a meeting would be a permanent organization for 
investigation and report, probably through standing committees which would be 
directed by a central body, either an administrative committee or the directors 
of the parent organization. 

If specific mention was made of the individuals who have made possible a 
creditable showing this year, it would have to include every man on the Forestry 
Committee, every sub-committee chairman, and most of the sub-committee mem- 
bers. Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, in his function as President of the Congress and 
outside of it, has given the strongest possible support to the Committee, and to 
him and to Col. W. R. Brown, Dr. Henry S. Drinker and Capt. J. B. White is 
due the credit for the financial arrangements, through the American Forestry 
Association, which made the work possible. For the large amount of valuable 
Pacific Coast data, and for cordial co-operation in all the work the Committee 
owes its thanks to Mr. E. T. Allen. 



SYNOPSIS OF SUB-COMMITTEE REPORTS 

The following is a brief summary of the work of the Forestry Committee, 
and its sub-committees, for the Fifth National Conservation Congress. 



Committee 1 
PUBLICITY 

Chairman, E. T, Allen Forester, Western Forestry and Conserva- 
tion Association, Portland, Ore. 

T. B. Wyman Secretary, Northern Forest Protective As- 
sociation, Alunising, Mich. 

F. W. Rane State Forester, Boston, Mass. 

P. S. Ridsdale Secretary, American Forestry Association, 

Washington, D. C. 

Overton W. Price Vice-president, Treasurer, National Con- 
servation Association, Washington, D. C. 

TOPICS ASSIGNED 

1. Publicity at the meetings of various popular and technical 
organizations. 

2. Publicity of the forestry work of the Conservation Congress, both 
of the general congress and of the Forestry Committee. 

3. Publicity through the press, looking particularly to the arousing of 
public interest in fire protection, taxation, and State forestry. 

4. Publicity methods and devices useful to fire associations and other 
forest protective agencies. 

The full report of this committee as printed, covers the four topics assigned. 
An introductory chapter presents in a new way the necessity for publicity since : 
"Public education is the chief measure of progress in forestry." 

Some of the conclusions of the committee are that: 

1. Progress in forestry depends more on what the public will permit 
than upon foresters and lumbermen. Consequently, public education is ot 
primary importance. 

2. Education is a matter of publicity and publicity is a trade in itself. 
It cannot be practised intuitively. 

3. Since no one else has the interest or the requisite forestry knowledge, 
foresters and lumbermen must learn this trade. 

4. It is not forests, but the use of forests, that we seek to perpetuate. 
Therefore, to be sound and convincing, educational publicity must include 
the lumber business. So long as the public believes forestry good and 
lumbering bad, there will be confusion and no real progress. 

In addition to presenting a full report, the sub-committee assisted during the 
year in preparing the forestry program and arranging section meetings, and in 
giving publicity to the forestry features of the congress. 

Committee 2. 
FEDERAL FOREST POLICY 

Chairman, Jos. N. Teal Chairman, Oregon Conservation Commis- 
sion, Portland, Ore. 
Hon. A. F. Lever Congressman, Lexington, S. C. 



Robert P. Bass Ex-Governor New Hampshire, Peterboro, 

N. H. 

E. G. Griggs President, St. Paul & Tacoma Lumber Co., 

Tacoma, Wash. 

F. E. Olmsted Consulting Forester, Boston, Mass. 

TOPICS ASSIGNED 

1. Needed legislation in national forestry. 

2. National versus State control of national forests. 

3. Economics of timber supply in relation to production and con- 
sumption. 

4. Details of national forest administration. 

The first three topics as above listed are covered by separate sections in 
the report. The subject is one of the broadest and most important before the 
country today, and is likely to become a matter of legislation which will vitally 
affect public interests. The whole report is a timely contribution to public 
knowledge on the subject. 

Most of the criticism against the Forest Service concerns conditions beyond 
its control, which result from lack of authority or inadequate funds. The first 
section on "Needed Legislation in National Forestry" outlines the needed changes 
and increases in Congressional legislation and appropriations which will enable 
the Forest Service to administer the National Forests with full efficiency. It is 
stated that "the legislation which is needed in national forestry is primarily to 
extend the principles already recognized by Congress and to enable the executive 
authority better to put these principles into practice." 

Another attempt, to wrest the national forests from public control tor 
private exploitation, is imminent, this time under the guise of arguments and 
legislation for State control. Section II of the Federal Forest Policy report, on 
"National versus State Control of National Forests," should dampen the powder 
of the States' rights advocates before they reach the firing line. The facts and 
evidence, stated by a man like Jos. N. Teal, who is, himself, a resident of a 
public lands State, are conclusive and irrefutable. One of the opening sentences 
summarizes the incentive at the bottom of the whole States' rights movement 
for control of the national forests as follows : "In reality knowledge of the 
facts and consideration of the arguments used to substitute State for national 
control show that the underlying motive of the propaganda for State control has 
for its object the elimination of public forests, State or national. This fact 
should be known, and the issue accepted and fought out in the open instead 
from ambuscade." 

Section III, on "Economics of Timber Supply in Relation to Production and 
Consumption," was written by Mr. E. T. Allen at the request of the sub-com- 
mittee. It deals with the neglected topic of forest economics in a way which 
brings out many new and striking facts, particularly in relation to the sale of 
timber from national forests. As an indication of the character and soundness 
of this chapter the following is quoted : "It follows that the maximum cut from 
the national forests should be assured, not during the existing period of stored 



8 

and excessive virgin supply, or during the permanent future which will begin 
zvhen adequate forest crops have had time to mature, but during the closing years 
of an intervening transition period." 

Committee 3. 
STATE FOREST POLICY 

Chairman, W. T. Cox State Forester, St. Paul, Minn. 

F. A. Elliott State Forester, Salem, Ore. 

C. R. Pettis Superintendent, State Forests, Albany, N.Y. 

H. H. Chapman Professor, Yale Forest School, New Haven, 

Conn. 

J. E. Rhodes Secretary-Manager, National Lumber Man- 
ufacturers' Association, Chicago, 111. 

TOPICS ASSIGNED 

1. Established principles in framing, passing and enforcing State forest 
laws. 

2. Acquirement and management of State forest reserves, with special 
reference to cutover lands. 

3. Co-operation between States, between the States and the Federal 
Government, and between States and private agencies. 

The rapid development in State forest organizations, based on new and old 
legislation, and the important part each forested State must play in the adminis- 
tration of our forest resources, makes this one of the most important sub- 
committee subjects. 

The report this year is largely confined to the first topic, "Established 
Principles in Framing, Passing and Enforcing State Forest Laws." The 
established principles are stated and discussed as a basic policy, followed by a 
model State forest law embodying these principles in more detail. Obviously 
any model or skeleton law must be modified materially to meet the conditions in 
various States and regions, but if there is a general understanding as to funda- 
mental principles, adaptation to local conditions becomes comparatively simple. 

Owing to the large amount of valuable detail submitted by the committee, 
and the great interest in State legislation, which will probably lead to many 
suggestions and recommendations during the section meetings, it is possible that 
the report will be printed only in synopsis, and the revision for final printing made 
after consideration of the report at the section meetings. 

Committee 4. 
FOREST TAXATION 

Chairman, Gififord Pinchot President, National Conservation Associa- 
tion, Washington, D. C. 

Acting Chm'n,^. T. Allen Forester, Western Conservation Association, 

Portland, Ore. 



9 

F. R. Fairchild — Professor of Political Economy, Yale Uni- 
versity, New Haven, Conn. 

Dr. H. S. Drinker_President, Lehigh University, South Beth- 
lehem, Pa. 

E. M. Griffith State Forester, Madison, Wis. 

TOPICS ASSIGNED 

1. Existing tax laws and their influence on forest management. 

2. Basic principles of wise forest taxation, with definite suggestions for 
legislation. 

3. Forest taxation in other countries. 

4. Bibliography for students of forest taxation. 

While several individual investigators have gone far into the subject of forest 
taxation, and a few of the States have passed progressive tax legislation, this 
is the first time a body of experts has undertaken a summarized compilation of 
existing knowledge, with working recommendations for forest tax legislation. 
The four topics listed are covered under separate chapters or sections in the 
report. 

If there is any doubt anywhere existing as to the urgency and importance 
of reform in forest taxation it should be dissipated by reading the following 
introductory paragraphs in Section II : "Next perhaps to war, taxation is the 
most powerful instrument of government, capable, if unwisely used, of destroying 
individuals, communities and industries. Few government functions are less 
studied by the average citizen. Probably none of its branches is less understood 
than forest taxation. * * * It is everywhere recognized by foresters, tax 
experts and political economists that the general property tax applied to forests 
in the United States is unscientific and discouraging to conservative management." 

Forest taxation has too long been considered purely academic and theoretical, 
whereas it really is a problem which vitally affects the capital invested in timber, 
the price of lumber to the consumer, and the prosperity of States. The report 
states that * * * "There are two distinct influences upon the rise of timber 
prices. One is a true rise of intrinsic value, due to diminution of supply and 
growth of consumption. This alone affords any basis of profitable investment. 
The other is the accumulation and compounding of carrying costs which, without 
investment profit, must be continually added to the selling price to prevent actual 
loss * * * The general property tax upon timber, then, has an alarming 
tendency to become excessive and it is exceedingly difficult to meet because it is 
imposed annually while revenue with which to meet it is deferred. * * * 
From the community standpoint it threatens rapid wasteful cutting of mature 
timber, penalizes the growing of new timber, and for both these reasons hastens 
the cessation of all revenue from forest taxation and the consequent imposition of 
the entire burden upon other forms of property." 

The basic principles of wise forest taxation are considered under the two 
separate heads of Taxing New Forest Crops and Taxing Mature Forests, and 
lead up to definite suggestions for legislation. The report is exhaustive in its 
treatment and specific in its recommendations, and could well be used as a working 



10 

basis for legislative action in any State. In fact, there is now available for the 
first time, a compendium to which any State interested in the subject can turn 
for sound adoptable recommendations. 

An important chapter discusses "The Danger in New Tax Theories" — "the 
adoption of new systems framed without forestry in mind," of which conspicuous 
examples are "the diametrically opposed income tax and single tax." 

Owing to the pressure of other duties Mr. Gilford Pinchot was unable to 
direct the details involved in the compilation of the report, and Mr. E. T. Allen 
served as acting chairman. 

Committee; 5. 
FOREST FIRES 

Chairman, C. S. Chapman Secretary-Manager, Oregon Forest Fire 

Association, Portland, Ore. 
D. P. Simons Manager, Sound Timber Company, Seattle, 

Wash. 
F. H. Billard Forester, Berlin Mills Company, Berlin 

Mills, N. H. 

J. S. Holmes State Forester, Chapel Hill, N. C. 

Coert DuBois District Forester, Forest Service, San 

Francisco, Calif. 

TOPICS ASSIGNED 

1. Fire prevention by States, by the Federal Government, and by private 
interests. 

2. Forest fire association work, with special reference to the possibility 
of co-operation and standard practice between the various protective 
associations. 

3. Forest fire insurance. 

One of the most hopeful developments of recent years is in the line of forest 
fire prevention, hence the work of this sub-committee is of prime importance, 
since without fire protection there can be no forestry. The report covers fully 
the first topic in fire prevention by States, by the Federal Government, and by 
private interests. The general situation, including the definite results from 
systematic fire prevention by private associations and other organizations, com- 
prise the main body of the report. This is followed by a detailed discussion of 
the fire protection work being done in various States. 

"No phase of forest work has been so actively taken up or made such marked 
progress as that of forest fire prevention during the past ten years. 

"During the past five years there has been an increase of over 3,000 per cent 
in the area of privately owned forest land patrolled against fire ; while in addition 
to this, 92,000,000 acres of private land has been systematically looked after 
and an area of some 187,000,000 acres of timber land patrolled by the Forest 
Service. 

"Forest fires in the United States, according to the most conservative 
estimates since any records were available, have caused an average annual loss 



11 

of 70 human lives and the destruction of merchantable timber to the amount of 
$25,000,000.00." 

Committee 6. 

LUMBERING 

Chairman, R. C. Bryant Professor of Lumbering, Yale University, 

New Haven, Conn. 

G. M. Cornwall Editor, The Timberman, Portland, Ore. 

J. B. White Lumberman, Kansas City, Mo. 

J. F. Clark Forest Engineer, Vancouver, B. C. 

F. A. Silcox District Forester, Missoula, Mont. 

Adam Trieschmann__Crossett Lumber Company, Crossett, Ark. 

C S. jMartin Saginaw Timber Company, Aberdeen, Wash. 

W. R. Brown Berlin Mills Company, Berlin, N. H. 

TOPICS ASSIGNED 

1. The basis of lumber costs and stumpage values. 

2. The application of scientific management to lumbering operations. 

3. Reports on log and lumber measures, with recommendations for 
standard scales. 

4. Forest engineering. 

The report for this year is confined mainly to the second topic listed. An 
appendix is submitted in the form of an excellent preliminary report on "Efficiency 
in the Logging Industry in the Pacific Northwest," by C. S. Martin. 

This is a committee representing particularly the manufacturing end of 
the lumber business, and since many widely diversified problems are involved the 
chairman calls attention to the fact that a complete report could not be prepared 
in one season. Although the committee was composed largely of lumbermen 
and dealt exclusively with lumbering questions, little co-operation or assistance 
was received from those who should be most interested. Apropos of this situa- 
tion is Dr. C. A. Schenk's truism that "the new turn in lumbering methods cannot 
be brought about from the outside. It will be necessary for the rejuvenation 
of lumbering, for the forester to become full fledged lumbermen." If outside help 
will not be accepted, and less than 5 per cent of the insiders in the lumbering 
business who were asked for information show any interest, how can anything 
be worked out? After all, the theorist, considered as "a man who tries to think 
what he is doing" is usually the one who worked out the reforms ultimately 
welcomed by the "practical" man who is too busy to help. 

There is a very large field for profitable investigations under the several 
topics named, but to carry on the work satisfactorily the co-operation and assist- 
ance of the lumbermen is a first essential. Moreover, funds should be available 
for the employment of a competent field man to study and compare conditions 
and methods and personally obtain information from operators. The various 
phases of forest utilization could properly be handled under the same subject 
heading. 



12 

Committee 7. 
FOREST PLANTING 

Chairman, E. H. Clapp Forest Service, Washington, D. C. 

Acting Chm'n,S. N. Spring Professor, Forestry Department, Cornell 

University, Ithaca, N. Y. 

T, T. Munger Forest Service, Portland, Ore. 

S. B. Detwiler Superintendent, Chestnut Blight Commis- 
sion, Philadelphia, Pa. 

TOPICS ASSIGNED 

1. Conditions under which commercial planting is desirable. 

2. Nursery methods. 

3. Field planting methods. 

4. Natural versus artificial regeneration. 

While a large amount of forest planting has been done, much of it might be 
classified as sporadic or experimental. In most planting operations too little atten- 
tion has been paid to the purely commercial aspects of the question. 

The sub-committee's report deals entirely with the commercial conditions 
under which planting is advisable. It summarizes both for technical and regional 
conditions, and for various classes of owners. The startling statement is made, 
and substantiated by figures, that $65,000,000 is lost annually through allowing 
denuded and potential forest lands to remain unproductive. The urgent need 
of a definite financial plan for the acquirement and reforestation of denuded 
lands by the Federal and State Governments, and for assistance to private owners, 
is pointed out. Several plans covering these points are outlined. 

To the main report is added an appendix, which treats in detail of the com- 
mercial conditions under which planting is commercially feasible in various 
regions. 

Owing to the absence of Mr. E. H. Clapp on official duty in the West, 
Prof. S. N. Spring, of Cornell University, served as acting chairman and prepared 
the main body of the report. 

Committee 8. 
FOREST UTILIZATION 

Chairman, R. S. Kellogg Secretary, Northern Hemlock and Hard- 
wood Association, Wausau, Wis. 

Bruce Odell Cummer-Diggins Company, Cadillac, Mich. 

W. C. Miles Manager, West Coast Lumber Manufactur- 
ers' Association, Tacoma, Wash. 

E A. Ziegler Professor, ?\Tt. Alto Forest Academy, Mt. 

Alto, Pa. 

topics assigned 

1. Closer utilization in logging. 

2. Closer utilization in manufacturing. 



13 

3. Closer utilization in marketing. 

4. The preservative treatment of timber. 

This subject, in common with lumbering, properly requires field study by a 
paid man in order to procure and compile satisfactory data, and the two lines of 
investigations could be combined. 

The report of the sub-committee for this year describes clearly the economic 
limitations to the closer utilization of timber, and to some extent touches on the 
unapplied possibilities in the line of utilization. The actual developments are 
contingent on commercial conditions and also influenced to some extent by lack 
of information. Apropos of the latter, the synopsis of the report states that 
"The lumber industry needs more information than is yet available upon the 
merchantable products than can be obtained from trees of various kinds and 
sizes. Further investigations should be made of the costs of manufacturing 
many by-products, and of the conditions under which such operations are suc- 
cessful. The effect of unrestrained competition in timber exploitation upon our 
forest resources should receive serious study." 

The portion of the report dealing with the conditions which prevent closer 
utilization is in effect a reply to the unjust popular opinion that the lumberman is 
responsible, either deliberately or otherwise, for the wastage of 50 per cent to 75 
per cent of timber which he handles. It is pointed out that the conditions which 
make possible closer utilization in logging and manufacturing are: (1) Ready 
markets; (2) Cheap transportation; (3) Character of timber; (4) Efficient man- 
agement; (5) Proper equipment. The last two are reforms which are usually 
within the power of the lumberman to correct, but the first three and many other 
conditions are due to influences entirely beyond his control. 

This report should give the laymen and general public a much clearer con- 
ception of the difficulties in the way of complete, or even close, utilization of 
timber. 

Committee 9 
FOREST SCHOOL EDUCATION 

Chairman, J. W. Tourney Director, Yale Forest School, New Haven, 

Conn. 

Walter Mulford Professor, Forestry Department, Cornell 

University, Ithaca, N. Y. 

C. H. Shattuck Professor of Forestry, University of Idaho, 

Moscow, Idaho. 

George S. Long President, Washington Forest Fire Asso- 
ciation, Tacoma, Wash. 

W. B. Greeley Assistant Forester, Forest Service, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

TOPICS ASSIGNED 

1. Forest school education; its strength and weakness. 

2. Courses or methods of teaching needed to better fit men for practical 
work in lumbering. 



14 

3. Secondary forest school education. 

4. Function of schools in technical investigations. 

Within recent years the question of technical forestry education has been 
thoroughly discussed at conferences called for the purpose, hence the report of 
the sub-committee on the general subject is confined this year to the third topic: 
"Secondary Forest School Education." 

The need for a body of trained rangers and woodsmen has been felt ever 
since forestry became a national necessity, and the report deals in considerable 
detail with the question of the school courses, and form of training best suited to 
prepare men for this class of work. The teaching of forestry in public schools, 
and short courses in forestry for farmers and agricultural students, are also 
discussed. 

Committee 10. 

FOEEST INVESTIGATIONS 

Chairman, Raphael Zon Forest, Service, Washington, D. C. 

F. B. Laney Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. 

Walter Mulford Professor, Forestry Department, Cornell 

University, Ithaca, N. Y. 

C. G. Bates United States Forest Service, Denver, Colo. 

A. G. McAdie Director, District Weather Bureau, San 

Francisco, Calif. 

TOPICS ASSIGNED 

1. Subjects demanding investigation. 

2. Responsibility for investigative work; correlation and avoiding dupli- 
cation. 

The report deals fully with the relation of forests and water, and while in 
part a compilation of established facts and theories, contains some new and 
interesting matter. The new feature concerns the efifect of forests in broad con- 
tinental valleys upon precipitation over continents. If this new theory is correct, 
as it seems to be, it provides even a greater justification for forest conservation 
than the accepted view of the relation of forests to stream flow. This theory has 
been discussed more specifically in an article entitled "The Relation of Forests 
in the Atlantic Plain to the Humidity of the Central States and Prairie Region," 
by the chairman, Mr. Raphael Zon, in Science, under date of July 18, 1913. 

From the summary we learn that "the facts brought out in this report clearly 
show that there is an intimate relation between the forests, the climate, and the 
regularity of the flow of water in the streams. 

"There are no accurate means of determining the extent of forest land 
necessary for the regulation of stream flow and the protection of the soil against 
erosion. From the study of conditions, however, existing in other countries, it 
may be inferred that, in order not to disturb the natural balance, the proportion of 
forest land to other kinds of land must be not less than one-fifth of the total area 
of the country." 

November, 1913 



LIBRPRY OF CONGRESS 

III iimiil !!!""""" '■■■!'■" iiii iiiii mil nil nil 




Fifth National Conservation Congress 



President 
CHARLES LATHROP PACK 

LAKEWOOD, N. J. 



Vice President 
Mrs. PHILIP N. MOORE 

ST. LOUIS, MO. 



Executive Secretary 
THOMAS R. SHIPP 

WASIUNGTON, D. C. 



Forestry Committee 



H. S. GRAVES, Chairman 

FORESTER, WASHINGTON, D. C. 

E. T. ALLEN 

FORESTER, WESTERN FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION 
ASSOaATION, PORTLAND, OREGON 

J. B. WHITE 

LUMBERMAN, KANSAS CITY, MO. 

W. R. BROWN 

PRESIDENT OF THE NEW HAMPSHIRE TIMBERLAND 
OWNERS ASSOCIATION, BERLIN, N. H. 

E. A. STERLING, Secretary 

FOREST AND TIMBER ENGINEER, PHILADELPHIA, PENNA. 



CHARLES LATHROP PACK, Ex-Officio 

LAKEWOOD. N. J. 



